Classifying and detecting foreign objects using a power amplifier controller integrated circuit in wireless power transmission systems

ABSTRACT

A wireless power transmitting system includes a power amplifier comprising a plurality of measurement points and a power amplifier controller integrated circuit (IC). In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC performs synchronization of the various components of the power amplifier, conducts impedance and temperature measurements at the measurements points, determines if a foreign object is within the transmission range of the wireless power transmitter, and decides if a shutdown of the power amplifier is needed. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC determines through a transmitter controller IC, the presence of a foreign object within the transmission range and adjusts the power transmission to one or more receivers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/493,690, filed on Oct. 4, 2021, entitled “Classifying And Detecting Foreign Objects Using A Power Amplifier Controller Integrated Circuit In Wireless Power Transmission Systems,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/026,191, filed on Sep. 19, 2020 (U.S. Pat. No. 11,139,699), entitled “Classifying And Detecting Foreign Objects Using A Power Amplifier Controller Integrated Circuit In Wireless Power Transmission Systems,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/903,677, entitled “Classifying and Detecting Foreign Objects Using a Power Amplifier Controller Integrated Circuit in Wireless Power Transmission Systems,” filed Sep. 20, 2019, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its respective entirety

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to object detection in wireless power transmission, and more particularly, to classifying and detecting foreign objects using a power amplifier controller integrated circuit in wireless power transmission systems.

BACKGROUND

Portable electronic devices, such as laptop computers, mobile phones, tablets, and other electronic devices, require frequent charging of a power-storing component (e.g., a battery) to operate. Many electronic devices require charging one or more times per day. Often, charging an electronic device requires manually connecting an electronic device to an outlet or other power source using a wired charging cable. In some cases, the power-storing component is removed from an electronic device and inserted into charging equipment. Such charging is time consuming, burdensome, and inefficient because it often requires users to carry around multiple charging cables and/or other charging devices, and frequently requires users to locate appropriate power sources, e.g. wall outlets, to charge their electronic devices. Additionally, conventional charging techniques potentially deprive a user of the ability to use the device while it is charging, and/or require the user to remain next to a wall outlet or other power source to which their electronic device or other charging equipment is connected. One way to address this issue is to wirelessly transmit power to an electronic device.

In addition, building a wireless charging system for consumer devices typically requires complicated, and often, expensive antenna components to transmit and receive wirelessly delivered power. Conventionally, it is hard for a wireless power transmitter to accurately distinguish a valid wireless power receiver that needs to be charged, versus a foreign object that does not need to be charged. Users have encountered numerous frustrating issues with some conventional charging devices, including having damages caused to objects that include magnetic strips and/or RFID chips (e.g., credits cards, security badges, passports, key fobs, and the like). Moreover, many of these conventional charging devices typically require placing the device to be charged at a specific position around the wireless power transmitter, and the device may not be moved to different positions, without interrupting or terminating the charging of the device. This results in a frustrating experience for many users as they may be unable to locate the device at the exact right position within the charging field of the wireless power transmitter in which to start charging their device, and may further end up with damages to important objects that they use on a daily basis.

Furthermore, conventional wireless charging systems do not utilize a dedicated power amplifier controller integrated circuit.

As such, it would be desirable to provide systems and methods for wirelessly transmitting and receiving power that address the above-mentioned drawbacks.

SUMMARY

As discussed above, there is a need for a wireless power transmission system that can accurately classify and detect foreign objects in the transmission field. The wireless power transmission systems described herein address these shortcomings with a variety of measurements points associated to an amplifier structure within the wireless power transmitter. Since the power amplifier is directly connected to an antenna of the transmitter, the impedance observed at the power amplifier can vary based on the objects present around the antenna. The measurement points at the power amplifier can prevent the power amplifier from damage caused in part by improper output impedances.

The wireless power transmission system described herein makes it possible to monitor the impedance presented at the power amplifier continuously during the charging operation. The presence of a foreign object can be detected instantly which can prevent damages to the system and the power amplifier when waiting for impedance detection to be stabilized.

Compared to conventional power amplifier protection and foreign object detection methods that rely on bulky isolators and couplers, the wireless power transmission system disclosed herein effectively increases the efficiency of the wireless charging system by reducing the total cost and loss in the power transmission process. The ability of transmitting wireless power waves without unnecessary lossy components also increases the overall amount of power received by the wireless power receiving system. In addition, the wireless power transmission system can distinguish a valid receiver from a foreign object without using handshake protocols between a transmitter and a receiver. Using handshake protocols requires including additional expensive (and potentially complex) components (e.g., a Bluetooth radio) on the receiver side to allow for implementing communications protocols.

The compact design of foreign object detection system in the wireless power transmission system disclosed herein includes a power amplifier controller integrated circuit to perform all the required measurements, to synchronize the turn on and shut-down of different components of the power amplifier, to adjust the conditions of the power amplifier, and to assess whether the impedance change would damage the power amplifier. In some embodiments, “synchronize” means substantially at the same time. In some embodiments, “synchronize” means within 1 millisecond of turning on or shutting down of each component.

Additional details regarding the machine learning algorithms utilized are provided in U.S. Provisional Application 62/903,674, which is incorporated by this reference herein in its entirety.

In addition, the wireless power transmission system described herein can be used in near field, mid field, and far field transmission applications. Near field usually refers to the region around the transmission antenna that is around one wavelength or less of the transmission wave. Far field usually refers to the region around the transmission antenna that is around two wavelengths or more of the transmission wave. Mid field usually refers to the region between near field and far field. For example, when the frequency of the transmission wave is 2.4 GHz, the near field range is equal or within around 0.125 m, the mid field range is from around 0.125 m to around 0.25 m, and the far field range is equal or greater than around m. For example, when the frequency of the transmission wave is 5 GHz, the near field range is equal or within around 0.06 m, the mid field range is from around 0.06 m to around m, and the far field range is equal or greater than around 0.12 m.

(A1) In some embodiments, a wireless power transmission system, includes a power amplifier that includes a plurality of measurement points to allow measurements of at least impedance values at each respective measurement point. The wireless power transmission system also includes a power amplifier controller integrated circuit (IC) that is configured to: receive impedance measurements at the plurality of measurement points; and provide the impedance measurements to a transmitter controller integrated circuit. In some embodiments, the transmitter controller integrated circuit is configured to: detect presence of a foreign object within a transmission range based on the provided impedance measurements, and adjust transmission of wireless power to an authorized receiving device while the presence of the foreign object is detected; and detect absence of the foreign object within the transmission range, and cause transmission of wireless power to the authorized receiving device upon determining that the foreign object is absent. In some embodiments or circumstances, the detecting presence and absence operations can be performed while the system is transmitting wireless power to an authorized receiving device (either the same receiving device referred to above or a different one), such that the system is able to monitor for the presence/absence of foreign objects during wireless-power transmission and is able to adjust power transmission upon detecting presence of a foreign object (such as lowering a power level of the wireless-power transmission or ceasing the wireless-power transmission entirely).

(A2) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of A1, the power amplifier controller IC is further configured to: upon determining, based on the impedance measurements, that damage to the power amplifier is likely to occur, cause the power amplifier to shut down.

(A3) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A2, the power amplifier is a GaN (Gallium Nitride) power amplifier.

(A4) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A3, the plurality of measurement points include one or more of: voltage at an output of the power amplifier, voltages at points inside a matching network, voltage at a drain of the transistors of the power amplifier, the DC current and voltage consumed by each stage of the power amplifier, and thermistors at different stages of the power amplifier.

(A5) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A4, the plurality of measurement points are measured at the power amplifier during different output power levels.

(A6) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A5, the power amplifier includes a thermistor that measures temperature.

(A7) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A6, the thermistor is on a same chip as other components of the power amplifier.

(A8) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A7, the power amplifier controller IC manages operation of the power amplifier.

(A9) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A8, the power amplifier controller IC manages calibration of the power amplifier.

(A10) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A9, the power amplifier controller IC stores measurement information from the measurement points for subsequent analysis.

(A11) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A10, the power amplifier controller IC synchronizes turn-on of power amplifier bias circuits, and turn-on of power amplifier power supply network.

(A12) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A11, the power amplifier controller IC adjusts output power and bias conditions of the power amplifier to maintain optimum efficiency and output power.

(A13) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A12, the power amplifier controller IC synchronizes shut-down of various components of the power amplifier.

(A14) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A13, the transmission range is within a near field transmission range.

(A15) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A14, the transmission range extends between 0 to 6 inches away from a housing that houses the wireless power transmission system.

(A16) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A15, adjusting transmission of wireless power to the authorized receiving device includes ceasing the transmission of wireless power to the authorized receiving device.

(A17) In some embodiments of the wireless power transmission system of any one of A1-A16, the wireless power is transmitted as radio frequency (RF) waves.

(A18) In some embodiments, a method for detecting a foreign object in a wireless power transmission system, includes providing a power amplifier; providing a plurality of measurement points connected to the power amplifier. In some embodiments, the plurality of measurement points configured to measure at least impedance values at each respective measurement points. The method also includes performing at least impedance measurements at the plurality of measurement points; and detecting a foreign object within a transmission range of the wireless power transmission system. In some embodiments, the transmission range is in approximate to the wireless power transmission system.

(A19) In some embodiments of the method of A18, the method further includes providing a power amplifier controller integrated circuit (IC) that is configured to: perform at least the impedance measurements; and detect the foreign object within the transmission range of the wireless power transmission system.

(A20) In some embodiments of the method of A19, the power amplifier controller IC manages operation of the power amplifier.

(A21) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A20, the method further includes determining whether an object within a transmission range of the wireless power transmission system is an authorized receiver or the foreign object.

(A22) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A21, the plurality of measurement points include one or more of: voltage at an output of the power amplifier, voltages at points inside a matching network, voltage at a drain of the transistors of the power amplifier, the DC current and voltage consumed by each stage of the power amplifier, and thermistors at different stages of the power amplifier.

(A23) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A22, the method further includes upon determining measurement results from the plurality of measurement points would damage the power amplifier, shutting down the power amplifier.

(A24) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A23, the plurality of measurement points are measured at the power amplifier during different output power levels.

(A25) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A24, the power amplifier includes a thermistor that measures temperature.

(A26) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A25, the method further includes managing calibration of the power amplifier.

(A27) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A26, the method further includes storing measurement information from the measurement points for subsequent analysis.

(A28) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A27, the method further includes synchronizing turn-on of power amplifier bias circuits, and turn-on of power amplifier power supply network.

(A29) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A28, the method further includes adjusting output power and bias conditions of the power amplifier to maintain optimum efficiency and output power.

(A30) In some embodiments of the method of any one of A18-A29, the method further includes comprising synchronizing shut-down of various components of the power amplifier.

(A31) In some embodiments, a power amplifier controller integrated circuit (IC) of a wireless power transmission system, includes circuit modules that are configured to: receive impedance measurements at the plurality of measurement points to allow measurements of at least impedance values at each respective measurement point connected to a power amplifier; and provide the impedance measurements to a transmitter controller integrated circuit. In some embodiments, the transmitter controller integrated circuit is configured to: detect presence of a foreign object within a transmission range based on the provided impedance measurements, and adjust transmission of wireless power to an authorized receiving device while the presence of the foreign object is detected; and detect absence of the foreign object within the transmission range, and cause transmission of wireless power to the authorized receiving device upon determining that the foreign object is absent.

(A32) In some embodiments of the power amplifier controller IC of A31, the power amplifier controller IC is further configured to: upon determining, based on the impedance measurements, that damage to the power amplifier is likely to occur, cause the power amplifier to shut down.

(A33) In some embodiments of the power amplifier controller IC of any one of A31-32, the transmission range is within a near field transmission range extending between 0 to 6 inches away from a housing that houses the wireless power transmission system.

The foreign object detection system in the wireless power transmission system disclosed herein utilizes a power amplifier controller to coordinate all the measurements and timing of the different measurement points of the power amplifier, thereby improving the transmission efficiency, gain, and overall performance of the wireless power transmission system. Furthermore, because the wireless power transmission system can detect a foreign object instantly without using bulky or lossy components, implementation of the wireless power transmission system can prevent damages to both the transmitter and the foreign object in the transmission field. Furthermore, a power amplifier controller integrated circuit is built into the power amplifier controller to support the various functionalities disclosed herein by the controller.

Note that the various embodiments described above can be combined with any other embodiments described herein. The features and advantages described in the specification are not all inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the present disclosure can be understood in greater detail, a more particular description may be had by reference to the features of various embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. The appended drawings, however, merely illustrate pertinent features of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting, for the description may admit to other effective features.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an RF wireless power transmission system, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram showing components of an example RF charging pad that includes an RF power transmitter integrated circuit and antenna zones, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram showing components of an example RF charging pad that includes an RF power transmitter integrated circuit coupled to a switch, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example RF charging pad, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating an example receiver device, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a wireless transmitter including an isolator between the antenna and the power amplifier of the transmitter, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows a diagram of a wireless transmitter including a directional coupler between the antenna and the power amplifier of the transmitter, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates arrangements of measurement points within the wireless power transmitter to detect impedances presented to the power amplifier, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a system diagram of an impedance measurement system comprising a power amplifier controller Integrated Circuit (IC) and its related circuits and modules, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows a power amplifier engineering controller diagram, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows a Smith chart representing all possible impedances measured from the various measurement points, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 9 shows a Smith chart representing all possible impedances measured from the various measurement points, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a method of detecting a foreign object using the measurements points connected to a power amplifier, in accordance with some embodiments.

In accordance with common practice, the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Numerous details are described herein in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. However, some embodiments may be practiced without many of the specific details, and the scope of the claims is only limited by those features and aspects specifically recited in the claims. Furthermore, well-known processes, components, and materials have not been described in exhaustive detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure pertinent aspects of the embodiments described herein.

Various embodiments of systems and methods are described herein that address the shortcomings described above in conventional charging systems and with existing antenna designs.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an RF wireless power transmission system 150 in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the RF wireless power transmission system 150 includes a far-field transmitter (not shown). In some embodiments, the RF wireless power transmission system 150 includes a RF charging pad 100 (also referred to herein as a near-field (NF) charging pad 100 or RF charging pad 100). In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 includes an RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 (described in more detail below). In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 includes one or more communications components 204 (e.g., wireless communication components, such as WI-FI or BLUETOOTH radios), discussed in more detail below with reference to FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 also connects to one or more power amplifier units 108-1, . . . 108-n to control operation of the one or more power amplifier units when they drive external power-transfer elements (e.g., power-transfer elements 290). In some embodiments, RF power is controlled and modulated at the RF charging pad 100 via switch circuitry as to enable the RF wireless power transmission system to send RF power to one or more wireless receiving devices via the TX antenna array 210.

In some embodiments, the communication component(s) 204 enable communication between the RF charging pad 100 and one or more communication networks. In some embodiments, the communication component(s) 204 are capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, IS A100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

In some instances, the communication component(s) 204 are not able to communicate with wireless power receivers for various reasons, e.g., because there is no power available for the communication component(s) to use for the transmission of data signals or because the wireless power receiver itself does not actually include any communication component of its own. As such, it is important to design near-field charging pads that are still able to uniquely identify different types of devices and, when a wireless power receiver is detected, figure out if that wireless power receiver is authorized to receive wireless power.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 (the “integrated circuit”) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the integrated circuit 160 includes a CPU subsystem 170, an external device control interface, an RF subsection for DC to RF power conversion, and analog and digital control interfaces interconnected via an interconnection component, such as a bus or interconnection fabric block 171. In some embodiments, the CPU subsystem 170 includes a microprocessor unit (CPU) 202 with related Read-Only-Memory (ROM) 172 for device program booting via a digital control interface, e.g. an I2C port, to an external FLASH containing the CPU executable code to be loaded into the CPU Subsystem Random Access Memory (RAM) 174 (e.g., memory 206, FIG. 2A) or executed directly from FLASH. In some embodiments, the CPU subsystem 170 also includes an encryption module or block 176 to authenticate and secure communication exchanges with external devices, such as wireless power receivers that attempt to receive wirelessly delivered power from the RF charging pad 100.

In some embodiments, the RF IC 160 also includes (or is in communication with) a power amplifier controller IC 161A (PA IC) that is responsible for controlling and managing operations of a power amplifier, including, but not limited to, reading measurements of impedance at various measurement points within the power amplifier, instructing the power amplifier to amplify the RF signal, synchronizing the turn on and/or shutdown of the power amplifier, optimizing performance of the power amplifier, protecting the power amplifier, and other functions discussed. In some implementations, the measurements of impedance are used to allow the RF power transmitter device 100 (via the RF IC 160 and/or PAIC 161A) to detect foreign objects.

In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A may be on the same integrated circuit as the RF IC 160. Alternatively or additionally, the PAIC 161A may be on its own integrated circuit that is separate from (but still in communication with) the RF IC 160. In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A is on the same chip with one or more of the Power Amplifiers (PAs) 108. In some other embodiments, the PAIC 161A is on its own chip that is a separate chip from the PAs 108. In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A may be on its own integrated circuit that is separate from (but still in communication with) the RF IC 160 enables older systems to be retrofitted. In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A as a standalone chip communicatively coupled to the RF IC 160 can reduce the processing load and potential damage from over-heating. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, it is more efficient to design and use two different ICs (e.g., the RF IC 160 and the PAIC 161A).

In some embodiments, executable instructions running on the CPU (such as those shown in the memory 206 in FIG. 2A and described below) are used to manage operation of the RF charging pad 100 and to control external devices through a control interface, e.g., SPI control interface 175, and the other analog and digital interfaces included in the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160. In some embodiments, the CPU subsystem also manages operation of the RF subsection of the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160, which includes an RF local oscillator (LO) 177 and an RF transmitter (TX) 178. In some embodiments, the RF LO 177 is adjusted based on instructions from the CPU subsystem 170 and is thereby set to different desired frequencies of operation, while the RF TX converts, amplifies, modulates the RF output as desired to generate a viable RF power level.

In the descriptions that follow, various references are made to antenna zones and power-transfer zones, which terms are used synonymously in this disclosure. In some embodiments the antenna/power-transfer zones may include antenna elements that transmit propagating radio frequency waves but, in other embodiments, the antenna/power transfer zones may instead include capacitive charging couplers that convey electrical signals but do not send propagating radio frequency waves.

In some embodiments, the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 provides the viable RF power level (e.g., via the RF TX 178) to an optional beamforming integrated circuit (IC) 109, which then provides phase-shifted signals to one or more power amplifiers 108. In some embodiments, the beamforming IC 109 is used to ensure that power transmission signals sent using two or more antennas 210 (e.g., each antenna 210 may be associated with a different antenna zone 290 or may each belong to a single antenna zone 290) to a particular wireless power receiver are transmitted with appropriate characteristics (e.g., phases) to ensure that power transmitted to the particular wireless power receiver is maximized (e.g., the power transmission signals arrive in phase at the particular wireless power receiver). In some embodiments, the beamforming IC 109 forms part of the RF power transmitter IC 160. In embodiments in which capacitive couplers (e.g., capacitive charging couplers 244) are used as the antennas 210, then optional beamforming IC 109 may not be included in the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160.

In some embodiments, the RFIC 160 and/or PA IC 161A provides the viable RF power level (e.g., via the RF TX 178) directly to the one or more power amplifiers 108 and does not use the beamforming IC 109 (or bypasses the beamforming IC if phase-shifting is not required, such as when only a single antenna 210 is used to transmit power transmission signals to a wireless power receiver). In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A regulates the functionality of the PAs 108 including adjusting the viable RF power level to the PAs 108.

In some embodiments, the one or more power amplifiers 108 then provide RF signals to the antenna zones 290 (also referred to herein as “power-transfer zones”) for transmission to wireless power receivers that are authorized to receive wirelessly delivered power from the RF charging pad 100. In some embodiments, each antenna zone 290 is coupled with a respective PA 108 (e.g., antenna zone 290-1 is coupled with PA 108-1 and antenna zone 290-N is coupled with PA 108-N). In some embodiments, multiple antenna zones are each coupled with a same set of PAs 108 (e.g., all PAs 108 are coupled with each antenna zone 290). Various arrangements and couplings of PAs 108 to antenna zones 290 allow the RF charging pad 100 to sequentially or selectively activate different antenna zones in order to determine the most efficient antenna zone 290 to use for transmitting wireless power to a wireless power receiver. In some embodiments, the one or more power amplifiers 108 are also in communication with the CPU subsystem 170 to allow the CPU 202 to measure output power provided by the PAs 108 to the antenna zones of the RF charging pad 100. In some embodiments, the PAs 108 may include various measurement points that allow for at least measuring impedance values that are used to enable the foreign object detection techniques described herein.

FIG. 1B also shows that, in some embodiments, the antenna zones 290 of the RF charging pad 100 may include one or more antennas 210A-N. In some embodiments, each antenna zones of the plurality of antenna zones includes one or more antennas 210 (e.g., antenna zone 290-1 includes one antenna 210-A and antenna zones 290-N includes multiple antennas 210). In some embodiments, a number of antennas included in each of the antenna zones is dynamically defined based on various parameters, such as a location of a wireless power receiver on the RF charging pad 100. In some embodiments, the antenna zones may include one or more of the meandering line antennas described in more detail below. In some embodiments, each antenna zone 290 may include antennas of different types (e.g., a meandering line antenna and a loop antenna), while in other embodiments each antenna zone 290 may include a single antenna of a same type (e.g., all antenna zones 290 include one meandering line antenna), while in still other embodiments, the antennas zones may include some antenna zones that include a single antenna of a same type and some antenna zones that include antennas of different types. In some embodiments the antenna/power-transfer zones may also or alternatively include capacitive charging couplers that convey electrical signals but do not send propagating radio frequency waves. Antenna zones are also described in further detail below.

In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 may also include a temperature monitoring circuit that is in communication with the CPU subsystem 170 to ensure that the RF charging pad 100 remains within an acceptable temperature range. For example, if a determination is made that the RF charging pad 100 has reached a threshold temperature, then operation of the RF charging pad 100 may be temporarily suspended until the RF charging pad 100 falls below the threshold temperature.

By including the components shown for RF power transmitter circuit 160 (FIG. 1B) on a single chip, such transmitter chips are able to manage operations at the transmitter chips more efficiently and quickly (and with lower latency), thereby helping to improve user satisfaction with the charging pads that are managed by these transmitter chips. For example, the RF power transmitter circuit 160 is cheaper to construct, has a smaller physical footprint, and is simpler to install. Furthermore, and as explained in more detail below in reference to FIG. 2A, the RF power transmitter circuit 160 may also include a secure element module 234 (e.g., included in the encryption block 176 shown in FIG. 1B) that is used in conjunction with a secure element module 282 (FIG. 2B) or a receiver 104 to ensure that only authorized receivers are able to receive wirelessly delivered power from the RF charging pad 100 (FIG. 1B).

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of a charging pad 294 in accordance with some embodiments. The charging pad 294 is an example of the charging pad 100 (FIG. 1A), however, one or more components included in the charging pad 100 are not included in the charging pad 294 for ease of discussion and illustration.

The charging pad 294 includes an RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160, one or more power amplifiers 108, a PA IC 161A (which may be on the same or a separate IC from the RF power transmitter IC 160), and a transmitter antenna array 290 having multiple antenna zones. Each of these components is described in detail above with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B. Additionally, the charging pad 294 includes a switch 295 (i.e., transmitter-side switch), positioned between the power amplifiers 108 and the antenna array 290, having a plurality of switches 297-A, 297-B, . . . 297-N. The switch 295 is configured to switchably connect one or more power amplifiers 108 with one or more antenna zones of the antenna array 290 in response to control signals provided by the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160.

To accomplish the above, each switch 297 is coupled with (e.g., provides a signal pathway to) a different antenna zone of the antenna array 290. For example, switch 297-A may be coupled with a first antenna zone 290-1 (FIG. 1B) of the antenna array 290, switch 297-B may be coupled with a second antenna zone 290-2 of the antenna array 290, and so on. Each of the plurality of switches 297-A, 297-B, . . . 297-N, once closed, creates a unique pathway between a respective power amplifier 108 (or multiple power amplifiers 108) and a respective antenna zone of the antenna array 290. Each unique pathway through the switch 295 is used to selectively provide RF signals to specific antenna zones of the antenna array 290. It is noted that two or more of the plurality of switches 297-A, 297-B, . . . 297-N may be closed at the same time, thereby creating multiple unique pathways to the antenna array 290 that may be used simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 (or the PA IC 161A, or both) is (are) coupled to the switch 295 and is configured to control operation of the plurality of switches 297-A, 297-B, . . . 297-N (illustrated as a “control out” signal in FIGS. 1A and 1C). For example, the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 may close a first switch 297-A while keeping the other switches open. In another example, the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 may close a first switch 297-A and a second switch 297-B, and keep the other switches open (various other combinations and configuration are possible). Moreover, the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 is coupled to the one or more power amplifiers 108 and is configured to generate a suitable RF signal (e.g., the “RF Out” signal) and provide the RF signal to the one or more power amplifiers 108. The one or more power amplifiers 108, in turn, are configured to provide the RF signal to one or more antenna zones of the antenna array 290 via the switch 295, depending on which switches 297 in the switch 295 are closed by the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160.

To further illustrate, as described in some embodiments below, the charging pad is configured to transmit test power transmission signals and/or regular power transmission signals using different antenna zones, e.g., depending on a location of a receiver on the charging pad. Accordingly, when a particular antenna zone is selected for transmitting test signals or regular power signals, a control signal is sent to the switch 295 from the RF power transmitter integrated circuit 160 to cause at least one switch 297 to close. In doing so, an RF signal from at least one power amplifier 108 can be provided to the particular antenna zone using a unique pathway created by the now-closed at least one switch 297.

In some embodiments, the switch 295 may be part of (e.g., internal to) the antenna array 290. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the switch 295 is separate from the antenna array 290 (e.g., the switch 295 may be a distinct component, or may be part of another component, such as the power amplifier(s) 108). It is noted that any switch design capable of accomplishing the above may be used, and the design of the switch 295 illustrated in FIG. 1C is merely one example.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating certain components of an RF charging pad 100 (also sometimes called a transmitter, power transmitter, or wireless power transmitter) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 includes an RF power transmitter IC 160 (and the components included therein, such as those described above in reference to FIGS. 1A-1B), memory 206 (which may be included as part of the RF power transmitter IC 160, such as nonvolatile memory 206 that is part of the CPU subsystem 170), and one or more communication buses 208 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset). In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 includes one or more sensor(s) 212 (discussed below). In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 includes one or more output devices such as one or more indicator lights, a sound card, a speaker, a small display for displaying textual information and error codes, etc. In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 includes a location detection device, such as a GPS (global positioning satellite) or other geo-location receiver, for determining the location of the RF charging pad 100.

In some embodiments, the one or more sensor(s) 212 include one or more thermal radiation sensors, ambient temperature sensors, humidity sensors, IR sensors, occupancy sensors (e.g., RFID sensors), ambient light sensors, motion detectors, accelerometers, and/or gyroscopes.

In some embodiments, the RF charging pad 100 further includes a signature-signal receiving circuit 240, a reflected power coupler 242, and a capacitive charging coupler 244.

The memory 206 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 206, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 206, includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the memory 206, or the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of the memory 206, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Operating logic 216 including procedures for handling various         basic system services and for performing hardware dependent         tasks;     -   Communication module 218 for coupling to and/or communicating         with remote devices (e.g., remote sensors, transmitters,         receivers, servers, mapping memories, etc.) in conjunction with         wireless communication component(s) 204;     -   Sensor module 220 for obtaining and processing sensor data         (e.g., in conjunction with sensor(s) 212) to, for example,         determine the presence, velocity, and/or positioning of object         in the vicinity of the RF charging pad 100;     -   Powerwave generating module 222 for generating and transmitting         power transmission signals (e.g., in conjunction with antenna         zones 290 and the antennas 210 respectively included therein),         including but not limited to, forming pocket(s) of energy at         given locations. Powerwave generating module 222 may also be         used to modify values of transmission characteristics (e.g.,         power level (i.e., amplitude), phase, frequency, etc.) used to         transmit power transmission signals by individual antenna zones;     -   Database 224, including but not limited to:         -   Sensor information 226 for storing and managing data             received, detected, and/or transmitted by one or more             sensors (e.g., sensors 212 and/or one or more remote             sensors);         -   Device settings 228 for storing operational settings for the             RF charging pad 100 and/or one or more remote devices;         -   Communication protocol information 230 for storing and             managing protocol infor-mation for one or more protocols             (e.g., custom or standard wireless protocols, such as             ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc., and/or custom or standard wired             protocols, such as Ethernet); and         -   Learned signature signals 232 for a variety of different             wireless power receivers and other objects (which are not             wireless power receivers).     -   A secure element module 234 for determining whether a wireless         power receiver is authorized to receive wirelessly delivered         power from the RF charging pad 100;     -   An antenna zone selecting and tuning module 237 for coordinating         a process of transmitting test power transmission signals with         various antenna zones to determine which antenna zone or zones         should be used to wirelessly deliver power to various wireless         power receivers (as is explained in more detail below in         reference to FIGS. 9A-9B of PCT Patent Application No.         PCT/US17/65886 incorporated by reference);     -   An authorized receiver and object detection module 238 used for         detecting various signature signals from wireless power         receivers and from other objects, and then determining         appropriate actions based on the detecting of the various         signature signals (as is described in more detail below in         reference to FIGS. 9A-9B of PCT Patent Application No.         PCT/US17/65886); and     -   A signature-signal decoding module 239 used to decode the         detected signature signals and deter-mine message or data         content. In some embodiments, the module 239 includes an         electrical measurement module 242 to collect electrical         measurements from one or more receivers (e.g., in response to         power beacon signals), a feature vector module 244 to compute         feature vectors based on the electrical measurements collected         by the electrical measurement module 239, and/or machine         learning classifier model(s) 246 that are trained to detect         and/or classify foreign objects.

Each of the above-identified elements (e.g., modules stored in memory 206 of the RF charging pad 100) is optionally stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing the function(s) described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are optionally combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory 206, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a representative receiver device 104 (also sometimes called a receiver, power receiver, or wireless power receiver) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the receiver device 104 includes one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, microprocessors, and the like) 252, one or more communication components 254, memory 256, antenna(s) 260, power harvesting circuitry 259, and one or more communication buses 258 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset). In some embodiments, the receiver device 104 includes one or more sensor(s) 262 such as the one or sensors 212 described above with reference to FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, the receiver device 104 includes an energy storage device 261 for storing energy harvested via the power harvesting circuitry 259. In various embodiments, the energy storage device 261 includes one or more batteries, one or more capacitors, one or more inductors, and the like.

In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 259 includes one or more rectifying circuits and/or one or more power converters. In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 259 includes one or more components (e.g., a power converter) configured to convert energy from power waves and/or energy pockets to electrical energy (e.g., electricity). In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 259 is further configured to supply power to a coupled electronic device, such as a laptop or phone. In some embodiments, supplying power to a coupled electronic device include translating electrical energy from an AC form to a DC form (e.g., usable by the electronic device).

In some embodiments, the signature-signal generating circuit 310 includes one or more components as discussed with reference to FIGS. 3A-3D of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/045,637 incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, the antenna(s) 260 include one or more of the meandering line antennas that are described in further detail in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US17/65886 incorporated by reference (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 6A-7D, and elsewhere). In some embodiments, the antenna(s) 260 may also or alternatively include capacitive charging couplers (such as those described with reference to FIGS. 5A-5B of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/045,637 incorporated by reference) that correspond in structure to those that may be present in a near-field charging pad.

In some embodiments, the receiver device 104 includes one or more output devices such as one or more indicator lights, a sound card, a speaker, a small display for displaying textual information and error codes, etc. In some embodiments, the receiver device 104 includes a location detection device, such as a GPS (global positioning satellite) or other geo-location receiver, for determining the location of the receiver device 103.

In various embodiments, the one or more sensor(s) 262 include one or more thermal radiation sensors, ambient temperature sensors, humidity sensors, IR sensors, occupancy sensors (e.g., RFID sensors), ambient light sensors, motion detectors, accelerometers, and/or gyroscopes. It is noted that the foreign object detection techniques disclosed herein operate without relying on the one or more sensor(s) 262.

The communication component(s) 254 enable communication between the receiver 104 and one or more communication networks. In some embodiments, the communication component(s) 254 are capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. It is noted that the foreign object detection techniques disclosed herein operate without relying on the communication component(s) 254.

The communication component(s) 254 include, for example, hardware capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) and/or any of a variety of custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

The memory 256 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 256, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 256, includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the memory 256, or the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of the memory 256, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Operating logic 266 including procedures for handling various         basic system services and for performing hardware dependent         tasks;     -   Communication module 268 for coupling to and/or communicating         with remote devices (e.g., remote sensors, transmitters,         receivers, servers, mapping memories, etc.) in conjunction with         communication component(s) 254;     -   Sensor module 270 for obtaining and processing sensor data         (e.g., in conjunction with sensor(s) 262) to, for example,         determine the presence, velocity, and/or positioning of the         receiver 103, a RF charging pad 100, or an object in the         vicinity of the receiver 103;     -   Wireless power-receiving module 272 for receiving (e.g., in         conjunction with antenna(s) 260 and/or power harvesting         circuitry 259) energy from, capacitively-conveyed electrical         signals, power waves, and/or energy pockets; optionally         converting (e.g., in conjunction with power harvesting circuitry         259) the energy (e.g., to direct current); transferring the         energy to a coupled electronic device; and optionally storing         the energy (e.g., in conjunction with energy storage device         261);     -   Database 274, including but not limited to:         -   Sensor information 276 for storing and managing data             received, detected, and/or transmitted by one or more             sensors (e.g., sensors 262 and/or one or more remote             sensors);         -   Device settings 278 for storing operational settings for the             receiver 103, a coupled electronic device, and/or one or             more remote devices; and         -   Communication protocol information 280 for storing and             managing protocol information for one or more protocols             (e.g., custom or standard wireless protocols, such as             ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc., and/or custom or standard wired             protocols, such as Ethernet);     -   A secure element module 282 for providing identification         information to the RF charging pad 100 (e.g., the RF charging         pad 100 uses the identification information to determine if the         wireless power receiver 104 is authorized to receive wirelessly         delivered power); and     -   A signature-signal generating module 283 used to control (in         conjunction with the signature-signal generating circuit 310)         various components to cause impedance changes at the antenna(s)         260 and/or power harvesting circuitry 259 to then cause changes         in reflected power as received by a signature-signal receiving         circuit 240.

Each of the above-identified elements (e.g., modules stored in memory 256 of the receiver 104) is optionally stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing the function(s) described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are optionally combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory 256, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory 256, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above, such as an identifying module for identifying a device type of a connected device (e.g., a device type for an electronic device that is coupled with the receiver 104).

In some embodiments, the near-field charging pads disclosed herein may use adaptive loading techniques to optimize power transfer. Such techniques are described in detail in commonly-owned and incorporated-by-reference PCT Application No. PCT/US17/65886 and, in particular, in reference to FIGS. 3A-8 and 12-15 of PCT Application No. PCT/US17/65886.

The performance of a power amplifier has a significant dependence on the load observed at their output. Since an antenna is a passive network, when the power amplifier is directly connected to the antenna, the impedance observed can significantly vary depending on the environment and/or the objects surrounding the antenna. However, improper impedances at the output of the power amplifier can potentially damage the power amplifier. Detection of the impedance can determine whether there is a valid receiver that needs to be charged by the transmitter or a foreign object that is not supposed to be charged by the transmitter. In addition, detection of the impedance can further inform the power transmitter system if it is necessary to prevent damages to the power amplifier by shutting down the wireless power transmitter or relocating the wireless power transmitter.

Various ways of protecting power amplifiers are possible, examples of which are illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 .

FIG. 3 shows a diagram 300 of a wireless transmitter 302 including an isolator 304 between the antenna 306 and the power amplifier 308, according to some embodiments. FIG. 4 shows a diagram 400 of a wireless transmitter 402 including a directional coupler 404 between the antenna 406 and the power amplifier 408, according to some embodiments.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3 , one way of protecting the power amplifier 308 of a wireless power transmitter 302 is to place an isolator 304 between the antenna 306 and the power amplifier 308. The isolator 304 can isolate the power amplifier 308 from the impedance change from the antenna 306 especially when a foreign object 310 approaches the antenna 306. However, this method cannot be used to find the impedance at the output of the power amplifier 308. The isolator 304 can be bulky and it adds to the total cost to the wireless power transmission system. The efficiency of the wireless power transmission also decreases because of the additional loss caused by the isolator 304.

In another example, as illustrated in FIG. 4 , another way of protecting the power amplifier 408 of a wireless power transmitter 400 is to detect the forward and reflected powers using a directional coupler 404. The directional coupler 404 can detect a mismatch at the output of the power amplifier 408 and find the closeness of the impedance to the expected load, especially when a foreign object 410 approaches the antenna 406. However, this method cannot be used to find the impedance at the output of the power amplifier 408. The directional coupler 404 can be bulky and it adds to the total cost to the wireless power transmission system. The efficiency of the wireless power transmission also decreases because of the additional loss caused by the directional coupler 404.

In another example, Q detection method is implemented to protect the power amplifier of a wireless power transmitter. Q detection methods include time domain and frequency domain detections. In the time domain detection method, a plurality of analog “pings” are sent from the transmitter, and time domain decay of coil resonance is analyzed. In the frequency domain method, analyzing amplitude of transmitter waveform requires frequency sweep. However, Q detection methods can only be done in advance of charging. In addition, each receiver needs to store its own “expected values” for time domain decay or frequency response.

In another example, power balance method is used to protect the power amplifier of a wireless power transmitter. In the power balance method, losses are continuously monitored during charging. If the losses detected is greater than a predetermined threshold, a foreign object may be present in proximity to the antenna of the transmitter. However, the determination of the presence of the foreign object can be fooled by load transients and/or receiver motion. In addition, it takes time to calculate steady state losses, during that time foreign object and/or the power amplifier could be heated or damaged.

In another example, in band communications method is used to protect the power amplifier of a wireless power transmitter. In the in band communications method, a transmitter sends queries out. A receiver device sends back an acknowledgement signal once it receives the query from the transmitter. In that case, a transmitter only transmit wireless power waves to receivers which sends back the acknowledgement. This method requires more complex receiver device to implement the communications protocol. However, this method does not work if a valid receiver has little influence on the transmitter impedance (e.g. in the nearfield or midfield range).

Compared to the above several methods of protecting the power amplifiers, the present disclosure provides an impedance-based method for protecting power amplifiers that has many advantages. For example, in the impedance-based method, no handshaking protocol is required. Therefore, no complex receiver-side components are necessary to implement the communication protocol. In addition, the impedance-based method enables continuous operation during charging which prevents damages to the transmitter and/or to the foreign object when the system is waiting to calculate loss. The continuous operation also provides instant responds to the presence of the foreign objects especially when there is a change in the relative positions of the wireless power transmitter and wireless power receiver.

FIG. 5 illustrates arrangements of measurement points within the wireless power transmitter 500 to detect impedances and/or temperatures presented to the power amplifier 502, according to some embodiments.

In some embodiments, to protect against known damaging impedances, a variety of measurement points are placed within and around the power amplifier 502. Examples of measurement points include the voltage at the output of the amplifier 504, voltages at points inside the matching network 506 and 516, the voltage at the drain of the transistors 508. In some embodiments, the DC current and voltage consumed by each stage of the amplifier, such as the DC current measurement 510, voltage measurement 512, and the thermistors for temperature measurement at different stages of the amplifier, such as 514.

In some embodiments, an impedance matching network 506 (e.g., a transmission line) may be integrally formed on the antenna structure 518 of the transmitter 500. The matching network 506 can provide inductive/capacitive impedance matching between the power amplifier, and the antenna structure 518.

In some embodiments, a high impedance network is used to reduce the impact on the performance of the impedance detection. In some embodiments, there is no need for an isolator or coupler in this system.

In some embodiments, the measurements must be timed precisely with the power amplifier turn-on so that: the power amplifier 502 does not remain on for too long if a foreign object or damaging conditions are detected; and the measurements are not reading temporary transient conditions associated with start-up or shut-down which may otherwise confound the impedance measurement.

In some embodiments, measurements can also be taken at multiple power amplifier output power levels. For example, a set of measurement results can be taken at a low power amplifier output power level, at a median power amplifier output level, and at a high power amplifier output level.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a system diagram of an impedance measurement system 600 within a wireless power transmitting system comprising a power amplifier controller Integrated Circuit (IC) 602 (analogous to the PA IC 161A) and its related circuits and modules, according to some embodiments.

In some embodiments, a power amplifier controller IC 602 can protect against impedances known to damage the power amplifier. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 can detect foreign object through the measurement points illustration in FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 is used to manage operation and calibration of a gallium nitride (GaN) power amplifier. In some embodiments, the power amplifier has an on-die or integrated thermistor. In some embodiments, the power amplifier has an integrated thermistor with the thermistor pins 604 connected to the power amplifier controller IC 602. In some embodiments, the on-die or integrated thermistor is used with the GaN power amplifier.

In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 can synchronize the turn on of all the modules of the power amplifier, for example, the power amplifier bias circuits, and the power amplifier power supply network. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 can perform all of the required analog measurements. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 can adjust the output power and bias conditions of the power amplifier to maintain optimum efficiency and output power. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 can determine if the measurement results could damage the power amplifier and, if so, quickly shutdown the power amplifier. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 can synchronize the shut-down of various components of the power amplifier.

In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 also stores all measurement information for subsequent access by Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 606. Software can then be used (with the stored measurement information) to implement more complex algorithms at the software running on the CPU module 608 to determine whether the device in close proximity or on top of the wireless power transmitter antenna is a valid receiver, or foreign object. Use of the stored measurement to perform the actions disclosed herein, such as synchronization; determination of whether the device in close proximity or on top of the wireless power transmitter antenna is a valid receiver, or foreign object, etc.; is referred to as subsequent analysis).

In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 has configurable timing and measurement interfaces. Therefore, those configurable measurement points/interfaces and time settings make the impedance measurement process independent of the exact power amplifier implementation.

In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC 602 provides the impedance measurement to a transmitter controller IC as shown as 160 in FIGS. 1B, 1C, and 2A. In some embodiments, the transmitter controller IC determines if there is a foreign object within the transmission range of the wireless power transmitter, and adjust power level or shift where power is transmitted to avoid the detected foreign object when the foreign object is within the transmission range.

In some embodiments, the transmitter controller IC determines if there is a authorized receiver within the transmission range of the wireless power transmitter, and adjust power level or shift where power is transmitted to focus on the authorized receiver when a foreign object is not within the transmission range. In some embodiments, an authorized wireless power receiver is a receiver that has been authorized through a secure component such as an identification number to receive wireless power from a wireless power transmission system. In some embodiments, an authorized wireless power receiver is a receiver that has been configured to receive wireless power from a wireless power transmission system.

FIG. 7 shows a power amplifier controller engineering diagram 700, according to some embodiments.

In some embodiments, some modules (also referred to as “various components”) within the power amplifier engineering controller 702 (analogous to the PA IC 161A) are optional. In some embodiments, the LDO (Low Dropout) 704 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the LDO 706 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the LDO 708 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the Bias 710 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the REG (register) 712 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the SPI (serial peripheral interface) 714 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the OSC (oscillator) 716 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the Analog test mux and buffer 718 can be eliminated or replaced by some other modules. In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A includes flexible general-purpose input/output (GPIO) 620.

In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A includes a system status state machine with programmable alarm thresholds and/or an interruption request (IRQ) generator. In some embodiments, the PAIC's 161A includes multi-output negative bias control. In some embodiments, the PAIC's 161A includes at least one or more of: multi-channel ADCs and DACs, dual power detectors, and a temperature sensor. In some embodiments, one or more modules within the power amplifier controller 602 are optional. To perform impedance detection/sensing, the PAIC 161A utilizes the system status state machine with programmable alarm thresholds, the IRQ generator, the multi-channel ADC and DAC, dual power detectors, the temp sensor, the SPI high speed host interface, and the flexible GPIO. In some embodiments, the PAIC 161A can be split into two separate chipsets to control the power amplifier and perform impedance detection/sensing, respectively.

FIG. 8 shows a Smith chart 800 representing all possible impedances measured from the various measurement points, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the different measurement sets, such as the Total voltage at the drain of the power amplifier 802, and the DC power 804, allow the smith chart 800 representing all possible impedances under different scenarios. For example, the different scenarios include all possible objects, including foreign objects and valid wireless power receivers.

FIG. 9 shows a Smith chart 900 representing all possible impedances measured from the various measurement points, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the different measurement sets, such as the Output voltage of the power amplifier 902, and the Dissipated power 904, allow the smith chart 900 representing all possible impedances under different scenarios. For example, the different scenarios include all possible objects, including foreign objects and valid wireless power receivers.

In some embodiments, by detecting a combination of the metrics from the various measurements points as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 , the impedance presented to the power amplifier can be detected. In some embodiments, when a condition to shut down the power amplifier is detected from the smith chart from the combination of the measurement metrics, the power amplifier can be shut down immediately to prevent damages to the transmitter and/or to the foreign object.

Various design aspects of the wireless power transmitting system including the foreign object detection system 500 or 600, such as the dimensions of the foreign object detection system, the dimension and configuration of the power amplifier controller 602 or 700, the dimension of the antenna ground plane, size, shape, spacing, and arrangement of the two or more antenna arms, impedance and operating frequency of the antenna arms, and the configuration between the antenna ground plane, and antenna arms, size and arrangement of the power amplifiers are selected (e.g., optimized using a cost or performance function) for transmitting desired wireless wave characteristics. Wireless wave transmitting characteristics that vary based on the above design aspects include, e.g., size, volume, materials, weight, cost, fabrication efficiency, radiation efficiency, impedance, and/or frequency range (for transmission and/or reception of electromagnetic waves and other wireless waves by the antenna).

In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission system can operate in the sub-Giga Hz frequency ranges for transmitting wireless transmission waves. In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission system mainly operate in the near field ranges for transmitting wireless transmission waves. In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission system can operate in the mid field and far field ranges for transmitting wireless transmission waves for a particular operating frequency or frequency range. In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission system can operate in the near field, mid field or far field ranges for transmitting wireless transmission waves for different frequency ranges. Depending on the frequencies of the transmitted wireless waves, generally, near field refers to the distance that is about less than one wavelength from the transmitting source, far field refers to the distance that is about equal or greater than two wavelengths from the transmitting source, and mid field refers to the distance that is between near field and far field.

Further embodiments also include various subsets of the above embodiments including embodiments in FIGS. 1A-1C, 2A-2B, and 5-9 combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram 1000 showing a method of detecting a foreign object using the measurements points connected to a power amplifier, in accordance with some embodiments. Operations (e.g., steps) of the method 1000 may be performed by a wireless power transmitting system (e.g. RF charging pad 100, FIGS. 1A-1B, and 2A; charging pad 294, FIG. 1C; wireless power transmitter 500, FIG. 5 ) and/or by one or more components thereof (e.g. an impedance measurement system 600, FIG. 6 ; the power amplifier controller 702, FIG. 7 ). At least some of the operations shown in FIG. 10 correspond to instructions stored in a computer memory or computer-readable storage medium (e.g., memory 206 of the transmitter 100, FIG. 2A).

The method 1000 includes a step 1002 of providing a power amplifier (e.g., power amplifier 502, FIG. 5 ).

The method 1000 also includes a step 1004 of providing a plurality of measurement points connected to the power amplifier, the plurality of measurement points configured to measure at least impedance (e.g., see various measurement points in FIGS. 5-7 ). In some embodiments, measurement points include the voltage at the output of the amplifier 504, voltages at points inside the matching network 506 and 516, the voltage at the drain of the transistors 508. In some embodiments, the DC current and voltage consumed by each stage of the amplifier, such as the DC current measurement 510, voltage measurement 512, and the thermistors for temperature measurement at different stages of the amplifier, such as 514.

The method 1000 further includes a step 1006 of providing a power amplifier controller IC (e.g., power amplifier controller IC 602, FIG. 6 ; power amplifier controller 702, FIG. 7 ). In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC can synchronize the turn on of all the modules of the power amplifier, for example, the power amplifier bias circuits, and the power amplifier power supply network. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC can perform all of the required analog measurements. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC can adjust the output power and bias conditions of the power amplifier to maintain optimum efficiency and output power. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC can synchronize the shut-down of various components of the power amplifier.

The method 1000 further includes a step 1008 of performing at least impedance measurements at the plurality of measurement points. In some embodiments, the measurements are performed by the power amplifier controller IC. In some embodiments, the measurements also including temperature measurements by thermistors integrated with a power amplifier.

The method 1000 further includes a step 1010 of detecting a foreign object in approximate to or within a transmission range of the transmitter. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC can determine if the measurement results could damage the power amplifier and if so quickly shutdown the power amplifier. In some embodiments, the power amplifier controller IC determines if there is a foreign object or a valid receiver while the transmitter is charging.

Further embodiments also include various subsets of the above embodiments including embodiments in FIGS. 1-10 combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments.

The preceding description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments described herein and variations thereof. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter disclosed herein. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Features of the present disclosure can be implemented in, using, or with the assistance of a computer program product, such as a storage medium (media) or computer readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a processing system to perform any of the features presented herein. The storage medium (e.g., memory 206, 256) can include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU(s) (e.g., processor(s)). Memory, or alternatively the non-volatile memory device(s) within the memory, comprises a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.

Stored on any one of the machine readable medium (media), features of the present disclosure can be incorporated in software and/or firmware for controlling the hardware of a processing system (such as the components associated with the transmitters 100 and/or receivers 104), and for enabling a processing system to interact with other mechanisms utilizing the results of the present disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments/containers.

It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “in response to detecting,” that a stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined [that a stated condition precedent is true]” or “if [a stated condition precedent is true]” or “when [a stated condition precedent is true]” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “upon detecting” or “in response to detecting” that the stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain principles of operation and practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art. 

What is claimed is:
 1. (canceled)
 2. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructions that, when executed by one or more integrated circuits in electronic communication with a power amplifier of a wireless power transmitter, cause performance of operations including: in accordance with an indication that the power amplifier is being turned on to initiate transmission of wireless power: receiving one or more impedance measurements from respective measurement points included within the power amplifier; and based on the one or more impedance measurements, determining one or more of: presence of a valid receiver for receiving wireless power from the wireless power transmitter, presence of a foreign object, and an adjustment to the transmission of the wireless power to prevent damage to the power amplifier.
 3. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein the operations also include performing the one or more impedance measurements when the power amplifier is being turned on such that: the power amplifier is not active while the foreign object is present; the power amplifier is not active while a damaging condition is present; and/or the one or more impedance measurements do not reflect temporary transient conditions associated with start-up or shut-down.
 4. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein the adjustment to the transmission of wireless power to prevent the damage to the power amplifier includes one or more of: adjusting a power level of the wireless power; shifting a transmission location of the wireless power; and/or shutting down the wireless power transmitter.
 5. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein a directional coupler is not used to protect the power amplifier.
 6. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, the operations also including: upon determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements, that the damage to the power amplifier is not likely to occur in conjunction with the transmission of wireless power: instruct the power amplifier to amplify a wireless-power-transmission signal before the wireless-power-transmission signal is provided to an antenna for transmission.
 7. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein the power amplifier is a Gallium Nitride (GaN) power amplifier.
 8. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, the operations further including: receiving, in accordance with the power amplifier being turned on, temperature measurements from thermistors at different stages of the power amplifier.
 9. An integrated circuit, comprising: memory, comprising instructions, which, when executed by the integrated circuit while it is in electronic communication with a power amplifier of a wireless power transmitter, cause operations for: in accordance with an indication that the power amplifier is being turned on to initiate transmission of wireless power: receiving one or more impedance measurements from respective measurement points included within the power amplifier; and based on the one or more impedance measurements, determining one or more of: presence of a valid receiver for receiving wireless power from the wireless power transmitter, presence of a foreign object, and an adjustment to the transmission of the wireless power to prevent damage to the power amplifier.
 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the operations also include performing the one or more impedance measurements when the power amplifier is being turned on such that: the power amplifier is not active while the foreign object is present; the power amplifier is not active while a damaging condition is present; and/or the one or more impedance measurements do not reflect temporary transient conditions associated with start-up or shut-down.
 11. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the adjustment to the transmission of wireless power to prevent the damage to the power amplifier includes one or more of: adjusting a power level of the wireless power; shifting a transmission location of the wireless power; and/or shutting down the wireless power transmitter.
 12. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein a directional coupler is not used to protect the power amplifier.
 13. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the operations also include: upon determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements, that the damage to the power amplifier is not likely to occur in conjunction with the transmission of wireless power: instruct the power amplifier to amplify a wireless-power-transmission signal before the wireless-power-transmission signal is provided to an antenna for transmission.
 14. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the power amplifier is a Gallium Nitride (GaN) power amplifier.
 15. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the operations further include: receiving, in accordance with the power amplifier being turned on, temperature measurements from thermistors at different stages of the power amplifier.
 16. A power amplifier of a wireless power transmitter, comprising: one or integrated circuits in electronic communication with the power amplifier, the one or more integrated circuits configured to cause operations for: in accordance with an indication that the power amplifier is being turned on to initiate transmission of wireless power: receiving one or more impedance measurements from respective measurement points included within the power amplifier; and based on the one or more impedance measurements, determining one or more of: presence of a valid receiver for receiving wireless power from the wireless power transmitter, presence of a foreign object, and an adjustment to the transmission of the wireless power to prevent damage to the power amplifier.
 17. The power amplifier of claim 16, wherein the operations also include performing the one or more impedance measurements when the power amplifier is being turned on such that: the power amplifier is not active while the foreign object is present; the power amplifier is not active while a damaging condition is present; and/or the one or more impedance measurements do not reflect temporary transient conditions associated with start-up or shut-down.
 18. The power amplifier of claim 16, wherein the adjustment to the transmission of wireless power to prevent the damage to the power amplifier includes one or more of: adjusting a power level of the wireless power; shifting a transmission location of the wireless power; and/or shutting down the wireless power transmitter.
 19. The power amplifier of claim 16, wherein a directional coupler is not used to protect the power amplifier.
 20. The power amplifier of claim 16, wherein the operations further include: upon determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements, that the damage to the power amplifier is not likely to occur in conjunction with the transmission of wireless power: instruct the power amplifier to amplify a wireless-power-transmission signal before the wireless-power-transmission signal is provided to an antenna for transmission.
 21. The power amplifier of claim 16, wherein the power amplifier is a Gallium Nitride (GaN) power amplifier.
 22. The power amplifier of claim 16, wherein the operations further include: receiving, in accordance with the power amplifier being turned on, temperature measurements from thermistors at different stages of the power amplifier. 